ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025
Evaluation of the Impact of External Conditions on Arm Positioning During Punches in MMA Fighters: A Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Methods.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuromuscular Adaptation to Varying Drop Jump Heights: A Muscle Synergy Approach in Elite Handball Players.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Core-Perception Coupling: Relationships among Core Temperature, the Rating of Perceived Exertion, and Thirst during Moderate Continuous Exercise under Different Hydration Status.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Pre-Exercise Hydration Modulates the Sweat Rate and Executive Control during Moderate Exercise to 3% Dehydration under Thermoneutral Conditions.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Article
- Genes and Injuries in Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of human kinetics · 2026Review
- Evaluation of the Impact of External Conditions on Arm Positioning During Punches in MMA Fighters: A Comparative Analysis of 2D and 3D Methods.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Limb biomechanics in combat sports: insights from wearable sensor technology.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) is a highly dynamic combat sport that requires precise motor coordination and technical execution. Video-based motion analysis, including two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) motion capture systems, plays a critical role in optimizing movement patterns, enhancing training efficiency, and reducing injury risk. However, the comparative validity of 2D and 3D systems for evaluating punching mechanics under external stressors remains unclear. This study aimed to first validate the measurement agreement between 2D and 3D motion analyses during sagittal-plane punches, and second, to examine the impact of fatigue and balance disruption on arm kinematics and punch dynamics in elite MMA athletes. Twenty-one male MMA fighters (mean age: 24.85 ± 7.24 years) performed standardized straight right punches (SRPs) and swing punches (SPs) under three experimental conditions: normal, balance-disrupted, and fatigued. Participants were instructed to deliver maximal-effort punches targeting a designated striking pad placed at a consistent height and distance. Each punch type was executed three times per condition. Kinematic data were collected using the my Dartfish Express(version 7.2.0) app (2D system) and MaxPRO infrared motion capture system (3D system). Statistical analyses included Pearson's correlation coefficients, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear mixed models (LMMs). Strong correlations (r = 0.964-0.999) and high intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values (0.81-0.99) confirmed the high reliability of 2D analysis for sagittal-plane techniques. Fatigue significantly decreased punch velocity and impact force (
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.