ArticleBMC psychology2025
Relationship between future time perspective and academic self-efficacy: the chain mediating roles of personal growth initiative and learning engagement.
Article in BMC psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- The mediating effect of academic delay of gratification on the relationship between future time perspective and learning engagement among nursing students: A multi-center cross-sectional study.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Time management disposition and academic self-efficacy as predictors of learning well-being among Chinese university students: evidence for a mediation mechanism.Frontiers in psychology · 2026Article
- The relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction and personal growth initiative among female college students in Western China: a chain mediation effect.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAcademic self-efficacy is a key predictor of academic performance. As college students mature, they increasingly focus on their future prospects. This study intended to further examine the relationship between college students’ future time perspective (FTP) and academic self-efficacy (ASE) by introducing personal growth initiative (PGI) and learning engagement (LE) as two mediators from the perspective of positive psychology.
methodsA total of 1387 college students were surveyed using the General Future Time Perspective Scale for College Students, Personal Growth Initiative Scale-II, Learning Engagement Scale, and Learning Ability Self-Efficacy Subscale. The mediation analysis was performed using bias-corrected nonparametric percentile bootstrap test.
resultsPersonal growth initiative and learning engagement significantly mediated the effect of future time perspective on academic self-efficacy, with a chain mediating effect size of 53.2% and a total mediating effect size of 67.5%.
conclusionPersonal growth initiative and learning engagement serve as two important mediators in the relationship between future time perspective and academic self-efficacy among college students. It is recommended to implement career planning interventions for college students to strengthen their future time perspective, promote personal growth initiative, enhance learning engagement, and ultimately boost academic self-efficacy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.