Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40967410›Full record

ArticleJournal of affective disorders2026

Mental health outcomes among U.S. healthcare workers before, during, and after the 2019 global respiratory pandemic: A population-based study.

Saanie Sulley, David Adzrago, Cameron K Ormiston, Faustine Williams

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of affective disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Saanie SulleyNational Healthy Start Association, Washington, DC, USA.
David AdzragoDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: david.adzrago@nih.gov.
Cameron K OrmistonDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
Faustine WilliamsDivision of Intramural Research, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: Faustine.williams@nih.gov.

Funding

Understanding Population Mental Health to Promote and Improve Mental Well-Being ZIAMD000015 · NIMHD · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON MINORITY HEALTH AND HEALTH DISPARITIES · PI WILLIAMS, FAUSTINE · 2020 to 2025
$2.9M
Intramural NIH HHS ZIA MD000015
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundLimited evidence exists on the persistence of anxiety and depression in the post-2019 global respiratory pandemic period among healthcare workers (HCWs). This study aims to assess anxiety and depression symptoms among HCWs during the pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic periods-and to examine moderating effects of race and/or ethnicity, nativity, and sexual orientation.

methodsThis study analyzed data from National Health Interview Survey on a nationally representative sample of adults during pre-pandemic (N = 38,109), pandemic (N = 89,693), and post-pandemic (N = 13,895) periods in 2019-2023. The sample included HCWs in the U.S., with direct patient HCW status as the primary independent variable. The primary outcomes were self-reported anxiety and depression, measured using the Washington Group on Disability Statistics Extended Set on Functioning. Weighted logistic regression models were used to assess the associations.

resultsDirect HCWs had higher odds of anxiety and depression compared to non-direct HCWs during the pandemic, but there were no significant differences between them before or after the pandemic. Non-Hispanic White (versus racial and/or ethnic minority), sexual minority (versus heterosexual), and U.S.-born (versus foreign-born) individuals had higher odds of anxiety and depression across the three pandemic phases. Nativity was the only significant moderator, with U.S.-born HCWs having higher odds of anxiety and depression compared to foreign-born HCWs during the pandemic.

conclusionsU.S.-born HCWs, non-Hispanic White individuals, and sexual minority remain at heightened risk for anxiety and depression, highlighting the need for targeted, long-term mental health interventions to support these vulnerable groups in the post-pandemic era.

Indexed as

AnxietyCOVID-19DepressionHealth PersonnelAdultFemaleHealth SurveysHumansMaleMental HealthMiddle AgedPandemicsUnited States2019 global respiratory pandemicHealthcare workersImmigrationMental health

Identifiers

PMID40967410
PMCPMC12453623

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.