Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40964294›Full record

ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2025

Nanoscopy Reveals Heparan Sulfate Clusters as Docking Sites for SARS-CoV-2 Attachment and Entry.

Sue Han, Xin Wang, Tiansheng Li, Ammar Mohseni, Ivan Kosik, Chung Yu Chan, Alberto Domingo López-Muñoz, Jessica Matthias, Reid Suddaby, Zhixiong Wang and 4 more

Abstract readPreprint
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Sue HanNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8451-8592
Xin WangNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Tiansheng LiCellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Ammar MohseniNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Ivan KosikCellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Chung Yu ChanNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6726-5087
Alberto Domingo López-MuñozCellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Jessica MatthiasAbberior Instruments America LLC, Bethesda, MD, United States.
Reid SuddabyNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
Zhixiong WangIntramural Research Program, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0879-5728
Albert J JinIntramural Research Program, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-3826-1081
Christian A WurmAbberior Instruments America LLC, Bethesda, MD, United States.
Jonathan W YewdellCellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3826-1906
Ling-Gang WuNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 35 Convent Dr., Bldg. 35, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.

Funding

Synaptic Vesicle ExocytosisZIANS003009 · NINDS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE · PI WU, LING GANG · 2009 to 2025
$31.2M
Synaptic Vesicle EndocytosisZIANS003105 · NINDS · NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE · PI WU, LING GANG · 2009 to 2025
$30.9M
Synaptic Vesicle Exocytosis and EndocytosisZ01NS003009 · NINDS · NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS AND STROKE · PI WU, LING GANG · 2004 to 2008
$4.9M
Intramural NIH HHS Z01 NS003009Intramural NIH HHS ZIA NS003009Intramural NIH HHS ZIA NS003105
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Virus entry is thought to involve binding a unique receptor for cell attachment and cytosolic entry. For SARS-CoV-2 underlying the COVID-19 pandemic, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is widely assumed as the receptor. Using advanced light microscopy to resolve individual virions and receptors, we found instead that heparan sulfate (HS), not ACE2, mediates SARS-CoV-2 cell-surface attachment and subsequent endocytosis. ACE2 functions only downstream of HS to enable viral genome expression. Instead of binding single HS molecules that electrostatically interact with viral surface proteins weakly, SARS-CoV-2 binds clusters of ~6-137 HS molecules projecting 60-410 nm above the plasma membrane. These tall, HS-rich clusters, present at about one per 6 μm

Identifiers

PMID40964294
PMCPMC12439973

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.