ArticleFrontiers in immunology2025
Soluble immune checkpoint factors reveal high-risk osteosarcoma subtypes and enable early metastasis prediction.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Integration of Circulating Immune Checkpoint Proteins and Osteopontin Refined Risk Stratification in Osteosarcoma.Cancers · 2026Article
- Integrative biomarker and drug target discovery in osteosarcoma: traditional experimental approaches and AI-enabled insights.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Dynamic changes in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets predict the efficacy and prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic osteosarcoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Osteosarcoma is a rare disease, yet it is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor, with poor survival in metastatic cases. Current PD-1 and PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors show limited efficacy in osteosarcoma, necessitating further investigation into other immune checkpoint factors. Methods: We analyzed immune checkpoint proteins in plasma from 67 osteosarcoma patients and 50 healthy controls, examined their transcriptional levels in tumor tissues, validated the results using public databases, and elucidated potential mechanisms. Results: CD48, TIMD-4, B7-H6, CD134, B7-H5, CD47, and S100A8/A9 were significantly elevated in osteosarcoma patients, each linked to increased osteosarcoma risk. In patients who developed metastasis, CD48, B7-H2, TIMD-4, B7-H6, CD134, B7-H5, CD47, and S100A8/A9 were also elevated and correlated with higher metastasis risk. Using peripheral blood levels of these eight factors, we identified osteosarcoma immune subtypes and built an excellent predictive model for metastasis (C-index = 0.876, predicting metastasis within one year). The gene expression of these factors in tumor tissues showed an inverse correlation with metastasis compared to peripheral blood. Single-cell analysis revealed differential expression of these factors in non-specific immune cells from metastatic patients. Conclusion: Soluble immune checkpoint factors were identified as significantly associated with osteosarcoma metastasis. Using peripheral blood biomarkers, we characterized immune subtypes of osteosarcoma, and developed a predictive model for metastasis. These biomarkers may serve as potential therapeutic targets for future immunotherapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.