Trial reportNeuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology2025
Effect of caffeine and cannabidiol (CBD) co-administration on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) subjective effects, performance impairment, and pharmacokinetics.
Trial report in Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cannabis products premixed with caffeine are increasingly present in the United States marketplace. Despite emergence of this product class, no human laboratory data have directly evaluated the isolated impact of caffeine on Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) effects as well as additional impacts of other common co-administered cannabinoids. This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, within-subject crossover study evaluated potential pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions between/among Δ9-THC, caffeine, and cannabidiol (CBD). Participants (N = 20; 10 men/10 women) completed outpatient laboratory sessions in which oral Δ9-THC (7.5 mg cumulative), caffeine (180 mg cumulative), and/or CBD (105 mg cumulative) were co-administered in a cumulative dosing design. Primary outcomes included subjective effects indicative of abuse liability (e.g., drug high), performance effects that underlie safety risk (e.g., simulated driving), and plasma cannabinoid/caffeine concentrations. Caffeine co-administration produced minimal changes in Δ9-THC-induced subjective effects, performance, or metabolism, although signals for perceived driving impairment were observed. In contrast, CBD, when co-administered with Δ9-THC and caffeine increased outcomes associated with abuse liability (e.g., drug high, p = 0.002) and performance impairment versus Δ9-THC alone. CBD also increased plasma Δ9-THC (p = 0.004) and 11-OH-Δ9-THC (p < 0.001) concentrations compared with dose conditions without CBD co-administration. These data provide the first direct assessment of the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of Δ9-THC and caffeine when co-administered in humans. The robust alteration of Δ9-THC-induced effects and Δ9-THC pharmacokinetics by CBD further emphasizes the importance of considering full cannabinoid profiles. Broadly, these data highlight the importance of considering drug combinations and interactions in future cannabis regulatory decision-making.
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