ArticlePloS one2025
Disparities in multi-modal spatial access to primary and specialty care in U.S. neighborhoods: A cross-sectional and temporal analysis of health services.
Article in PloS one, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Addressing Chronic Pain Among Rural Residents Engaging in Hazardous Drinking: A Mobile Health Intervention Pilot Study.Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings · 2026Trial
- Designing Integrated Virtual Care Partnerships: Insights from a Practice-Based Case Series at Mayo Clinic.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Digital health · 2026Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Spatial access to care describes the ability of populations to travel to healthcare providers. Existing spatial access to care studies frequently utilize metrics constructed using car-specific travel to providers, potentially underestimating access in populations using other travel modalities (i.e., walking/transit). We present a novel multi-travel modality spatial access to care composite measure, a corresponding temporally representative open-source data resource, and a stratified analysis of neighborhood rural/urban and socioeconomic disparities. We utilized quarterly 2016-2020 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Doctors and Clinicians National Downloadable Files to compute temporally representative multi-modal spatial accessibility to 56 healthcare provider classifications in U.S. census tracts and block groups. We performed tract-level analyses stratified by 2010 Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes and 2016 Area Deprivation Index for a subset of provider types. We found that 1) non-metropolitan areas have poorer multi-modal spatial access to primary (P < 0.001), specialty (P < 0.001), pulmonology (P < 0.001), nephrology (P < 0.001), and cancer care (P < 0.001) than metropolitan areas both cross-sectionally and over time and 2) multi-modal primary care access was substantially poorer than multi-modal specialty care access in 2016 and this trend did not improve over time. We also produced a data resource for many provider types and an interactive spatial access map for a subset of provider classifications. After stratifying, we found significant disparities in spatial access to primary care, specialty care, pulmonology, nephrology, and cancer care in non-metropolitan areas. Our multi-modal spatial access measure and corresponding data resource may be useful for population health and clinical studies, public health entities, community stakeholders, health systems, and policymakers.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.