Recent advances in breeding systems and their improvement in forage crops.

Fodder crops are crops which are mainly grown as feed for livestocks and it consist of a variety of crops ranging from annual to perennial crops. Even with many crops involved, advance crop improvement practices are done less in these crops. With the increase in demand for livestock population, the production and productivity of forage crops will also increased. Considering the present status of research work done in forage crops, it will be hard to meet the increasing demand of feed for livestock. Conventional breeding programs and cross breeding are time consuming and laborious for developing a new variety. Forage breeding using advance breeding system is less in areas of biochemical and molecular understanding of forage traits in forage crops. Here, we reviewed the recent research work done in advance methods of breeding system to accelerate crop improvement within short period of time. Advance crop improvement programs like marker assisted selection, Quantitative trait Loci, genome selection, genome wide association study, genome editing tools, use of Artificial intelligence and machine learning can accelerate fast achievement in forage breeding. This will help in increase of quality production and productivity of forage crops in the country. It is therefore, necessary to understand the gap prevailing in the current use of breeding system in forage crops and to further improve it to bring it to the level of other grain crops.