ArticleArchives of toxicology2026
Oxidative stress-driven disease-associated microglia (DAM)-like polarization in human microglia (HMC3) cells exposed to small-size silver nanoparticles in a transwell co-culture system with neurons (cholinergic differentiated SH-SY5Y) cells in vitro.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Silver Nanoparticles and Neurotoxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Recent Experimental Evidence.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- HMC3 revealed: how much do these "Microglia" really tell us?Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
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Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-established pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory factors, with the strongest effects observed in smaller NPs. This is particularly important due to the increasing accumulation of AgNPs in the environment and the human food chain in recent years. This accumulation has been correlated with an increased number of neurodegenerative diseases, in which microglia-driven inflammation plays a pivotal role. Importantly, the disease-associated microglia (DAM) phenotype has gained special attention. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the role of small-size AgNPs in inducing a DAM-like phenotype in a transwell co-culture model of human microglia (HMC3) and neurons (differentiated SH-SY5Y) in vitro. Our results demonstrated time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity of small-size AgNPs in both tested cell models. Moreover, in the transwell co-culture system of HMC3 and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, exposure to AgNPs led to ROS-dependent inflammation, associated with TLR4 and NF-κB activation, subsequently upregulating DAM-related proteins (e.g., ICAM1, ITGAX, ApoE, and B2M). A time-dependent increase in
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