ArticleFrontiers in psychology2025
Asymmetric effects of spectator presence on home and away team performance: a natural experiment from the 2021 K League 1 season.
Article in Frontiers in psychology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Keys to female athlete performance in Paris 2024.Frontiers in psychology · 2025Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: The presence of spectators is a well-known factor contributing to home advantage in competitive sports. However, isolating its direct effect on team performance has proven difficult. This study aims to assess the influence of spectator attendance on the performance of home and away teams using a natural experimental setting during the 2021 K League 1 season, which experienced regional differences in spectator policies due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This retrospective observational study analyzed 162 matches in the 2021 K League 1 season. Match variables were categorized into three domains: outcome factors (e.g., points, win percentage), tactical factors (e.g., shots on target, total shots), and violation factors (e.g., fouls, cards) to evaluate team performance. Matches were classified according to the presence or absence of spectators and further stratified by whether they were home or away games. Group comparisons were performed using t-tests, one-way analysis of variance, and effect-size analysis (Cohen's Results: The presence of spectators was associated with improved tactical performance in home matches, as evidenced by a greater number of shots on target (6.02 ± 3.08 vs. 4.40 ± 2.34, Conclusion: Spectator presence was associated with enhanced tactical performance by home teams. In contrast, its impact on away matches was more pronounced in outcome-related performance, suggesting that home crowds may exert psychological pressure that disrupts visiting teams' execution and composure. These findings underscore the asymmetrical influence of spectatorship and enhance our understanding of home advantage in professional football.
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