From C481 Resistance Evasion to Platelet Preservation: Rilzabrutinib Redefines ITP Targeted Therapy.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), as an autoimmune disease, has various limitations in traditional treatments, and there is a lack of safe and durable targeted therapeutic regimens for refractory patients. Traditional covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors are difficult to apply in ITP treatment due to issues such as drug resistance and bleeding risks. As a reversible covalent BTK inhibitor, rilzabrutinib has dual advantages in its molecular design: in terms of evading C481 resistance, it targets the ATP-binding domain of BTK through a non-covalent bond-dominated mode, and maintains highly efficient inhibitory activity in the BTK C481S mutant cell model (with an in vitro IC50 of 1.2 nM), showing significant advantages over traditional covalent inhibitors (eg, ibrutinib, whose IC50 increases to 1 μM); in terms of platelet function protection, in vivo mouse experiments have confirmed that it can reduce venous thrombosis, block the BTK pathway to decrease autoantibody-mediated platelet destruction, and retain the functions of pathways such as G protein-coupled receptors, achieving a balance between abnormal immune suppression and platelet hemostatic function through "on-demand inhibition". Preclinical studies have shown that its binding to human blood BTK is time- and concentration-dependent, and the inhibition of the BTK pathway in B cells and basophils is closely related to the degree of binding, with moderate kinase selectivity. Clinical studies have confirmed that the drug can take effect quickly, with 43% of patients achieving a platelet count ≥50×10