The development of a milk-derived nanovesicle with its potentials for nucleic acid delivery and bioconjugation.

To date, nanotechnology facilitating cellular penetration toward specific target sites has widely been adopted in several studies. Some use chemical synthetic approaches for enhancing drug delivery whereas some attempt to select bioresources. Biomaterial substances that are thought to be less toxic to cells are currently in demand since they have been proven to demonstrate drug delivering capability. We thus explored the production of a nanovesicle from bioresource that is supposed to be one of the potential carriers facilitating target delivery. Herein, a breast milk-derived substance was used as a bioresource for producing the milk-derived nanovesicle. The results showed that a small, spherical and negatively charged nanovesicle was successfully prepared by using an extrusion method without the use of any chemical substances and solvents. The nanovesicle showed satisfactory profiles in terms of cytotoxicity without any sustained secretion of cytokines. The nanovesicle also provided delivering potential towards different nucleic acids including single strand DNA, microRNA, and mRNA. Moreover, the nanovesicle was also shown to have bioconjugation capability. These outcomes illustrate the benefits of using breast milk as one of the most vigorous biomaterial substances that can be adopted into a nanovesicle-based drug delivery strategy.