ArticleFrontiers in psychiatry2025
Transforming growth factor-β superfamily members as potential biomarkers for adolescent major depressive disorder.
Article in Frontiers in psychiatry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Growing evidence implicates the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily in neurodevelopment and immunoregulatory processes, with several members associated with depression in adults. However, the relationship between specific TGF-β superfamily members and adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) remains poorly understood. This study aimed to evaluate whether specific TGF-β superfamily members could serve as biomarkers for adolescent MDD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 180 adolescents were enrolled,including individuals diagnosed with MDD and healthy controls (HC). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17). Serum concentrations of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1),growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11), and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), were quantified via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed.Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to explore associations between serum TGF-β superfamily levels and depression severity. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the diagnostic potential of these TGF-β superfamily members in MDD. Results: Compared with healthy controls, the MDD group exhibited significantly lower serum levels of TGF-β1 and GDF11,and higher levels of GDF15 (all Conclusions: Serum TGF-β1, GDF11, and GDF15 levels may serve as promising biomarkers for adolescent MDD, offering potential utility in identifying disease susceptibility. These findings highlight the TGF-β superfamily's role in adolescent depression and warrant further mechanistic investigation.
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