ArticleInternational journal of paediatric dentistry2026
Challenges and Limitations of Multimodal Large Language Models in Interpreting Pediatric Panoramic Radiographs.
Article in International journal of paediatric dentistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Tooth Detection and Numbering Performance of Two AI-Based Systems on Panoramic Radiographs: A Comparative Study.Dentistry journal · 2026Article
- Context-Guided Mixture-of-Experts with Multimodal LLMs for Lesion Detection in Buccal Mucosa Images.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Robust oriented object detection for posterior teeth in mixed dentition.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Generative Artificial Intelligence and Large Language Models in Paediatric Dentistry: A Scoping Review.International dental journal · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Capabilities of Large Language Models in Paediatric Dentistry.International dental journal · 2026Article
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10 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundMultimodal large language models (LLMs) have potential for medical image analysis, yet their reliability for pediatric panoramic radiographs remains uncertain.
aimThis study evaluated two multimodal LLMs (OpenAI o1, Claude 3.5 Sonnet) for detecting and counting teeth (including tooth germs) on pediatric panoramic radiographs.
designEighty-seven pediatric panoramic radiographs from an open-source data set were analyzed. Two pediatric dentists annotated the presence or absence of each potential tooth position. Each image was processed five times by the LLMs using identical prompts, and the results were compared with the expert annotations. Standard performance metrics and Fleiss' kappa were calculated.
resultsDetailed examination revealed that subtle developmental stages and minor tooth loss were consistently misidentified. Claude 3.5 Sonnet had higher sensitivity but significantly lower specificity (29.8% ± 21.5%), resulting in many false positives. OpenAI o1 demonstrated superior specificity compared to Claude 3.5 Sonnet, but still failed to correctly detect subtle defects in certain mixed dentition cases. Both models showed large variability in repeated runs.
conclusionBoth LLMs failed to achieve clinically acceptable performance and cannot reliably identify nuanced discrepancies critical for pediatric dentistry. Further refinements and consistency improvements are essential before routine clinical use.
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