Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40957602›Full record

SynthesisPain management2025

Efficacy and adverse effects of lower doses of ketorolac; a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Maryam Bahreini, Heewa Rashnavandi, Fatemeh Rasooli, Alireza Jalali, Rasoul Masoumi, Hadi Mirfazaelian

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Pain management, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Maryam BahreiniDepartment of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Heewa RashnavandiEmergency Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Fatemeh RasooliEmergency Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Alireza JalaliEmergency Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Rasoul MasoumiPrehospital and Hospital Emergency Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Hadi MirfazaelianEmergency Medicine Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionKetorolac, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is proposed to have a ceiling effect. We studied if ketorolac at lower doses was as effective and safe as the standard doses. AREA COVERED: Randomized trials on different doses of ketorolac were searched in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science from the inception date to 12 December 2024. The extent of change in pain, pain relief, need for rescue analgesia, reduction in patient opioid consumption, and adverse event rates were outcomes of interest. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool version 2. EXPERT OPINION/COMMENTARY: In acute, postoperative, and cancer pain, there was no difference in the analgesic effect of lower doses of ketorolac in comparison to routine doses. In addition, the results did not show higher adverse effects. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero identifier is CRD42023480153.

Indexed as

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalKetorolacPostoperative PainDose-Response Relationship, DrugHumansRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicAnti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-SteroidalKetorolacAnalgesiaceiling effectKetorolacLower dosesystematic review

Identifiers

PMID40957602
PMCPMC12691576

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.