Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40955957›Full record

ReviewKnee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA2026

Step-by-step insight into gait analysis: A narrative review unlocking knee biomechanics.

Giovanni Spallone, Letizia Mancini, Arianna Carnevale, Stefano Campi, Alessandro de Sire, Emiliano Schena, Pieter D'Hooghe, Michael T Hirschmann, Rocco Papalia, Umile Giuseppe Longo

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Giovanni SpalloneFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8938-2430
Letizia ManciniFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7785-5693
Arianna CarnevaleFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4543-1149
Stefano CampiFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7544-7427
Alessandro de SirePhysical and Rehabilitative Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5541-8346
Emiliano SchenaFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9696-1265
Pieter D'HoogheDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Aspetar Hospital, Doha, Qatar.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0003-6305
Michael T HirschmannUniversity Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Kantonsspital Baselland, Bruderholz, Schweiz.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4014-424X
Rocco PapaliaFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6069-4871
Umile Giuseppe LongoFondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4063-9821

Funding

European Union-Next Generation EU-NRRP M6C2-Investment 2.1 Enhancement and strengthening of biomedical research in the NHS PNRR-MCNT2-2023-12378237- CUP: F87G24000130006
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Gait analysis offers a powerful tool for clinical and orthopaedic decision-making. By quantifying spatiotemporal, kinematic and kinetic parameters during walking, it provides a dynamic window into joint function that static imaging cannot capture. Despite its potential, gait analysis remains largely confined to specialised centres, with limited integration in clinical pathways, mainly due to its perceived complexity and lack of standardisation. This narrative review aims to bridge that gap through a step-by-step approach to guide orthopaedic surgeons, sports medicine physicians and musculoskeletal clinicians in understanding and interpreting key biomechanical markers relevant to common knee pathologies, such as osteoarthritis and anterior cruciate ligament injury. Particular attention is given to how deviations in parameters like joint angles and moments, dynamic alignment and centre of pressure trajectories can offer actionable insights into disease progression, treatment response and surgical planning. The urgent need for standardised protocols, encompassing marker placement, biomechanical modelling and data processing, is also underscored, as they are essential to ensure reproducibility and facilitate clinical translation. By clarifying the clinical meaning of gait metrics, this review empowers healthcare professionals to integrate dynamic functional data into everyday decision-making and move towards more personalised, biomechanically informed care. Level of Evidence: Level IV.

Indexed as

GaitGait AnalysisKnee JointAnterior Cruciate Ligament InjuriesBiomechanical PhenomenaHumansKnee InjuriesOsteoarthritis, Kneeanterior cruciate ligament deficiencykinematicskineticsknee osteoarthritisoptoelectronic motion capture systems

Identifiers

PMID40955957
PMCPMC13418446

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.