Trial reportArthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.)2026
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Hydroxychloroquine in Incomplete Lupus.
Trial report in Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Rheumatology 2050: How our specialty is changing.Future healthcare journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivePatients with features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who do not fulfill classification criteria can be designated as incomplete lupus erythematosus (ILE). This condition includes individuals with a high risk of progression to SLE. Treatment of ILE may reduce symptoms, severity, and incidence of SLE.
methodsHydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was chosen as an ILE intervention for a randomized, double-blind trial to determine whether the rate of accumulation of SLE features defined by the 2012 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria could be reduced. ILE was defined as antinuclear antibody positivity with one to two additional criteria. Patients 15 to 49 years old were eligible. Randomization was 1:1 HCQ to placebo. Evaluations were at 3-month intervals over 24 months. Meeting SLICC classification sooner required exit.
resultsParticipants (N = 187) were randomized at seven sites. After excluding 7 patients who met SLE classification at baseline when screening laboratory data were completed, 180 patients were analyzed: 92 receiving HCQ and 88 receiving placebo. Considering all these enrollees, 55 developed additional criteria. Of the 118 participants who exited early with SLE or who completed 24 months of evaluation, SLE classification developed in 24 (13.3%); another 24 developed additional criteria but did not meet classification. The rates of acquisition of SLICC criteria and progression to SLE were similar in the two groups (P = 0.72 and P = 0.98, respectively). Development of SLE was associated with new malar rash, oral ulcers, joint tenderness, or pleurisy (P < 0.04).
conclusionAlthough the Study of Antimalarials in Incomplete Lupus Erythematosus (SMILE) did not show effects of HCQ on ILE progression, the results offer insights into SLE risk in the ILE population.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.