ArticleToxicology reports2025
Holistic approach to assess human health risks, integrating physicochemical quality attributes and heavy metal levels in tap water.
Article in Toxicology reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Metals, pesticides, and mycotoxins oral exposure via potato chips ingestion: A Monte Carlo-simulation risk assessment for Iranian consumers.Toxicology reports · 2026Article
- Physicochemical evaluation, Nutritional Profiles, and Fatty Acid Composition in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum) in Kamba District, Ethiopia.Biological trace element research · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination is a serious concern affecting the safety of tap water sources. Hence, this study evaluated physicochemical quality indices, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health hazard derived from the level of toxic metals in tap water in Gondar city, Ethiopia. The results revealed that except dissolved oxygen, salinity and nitrite, all quality attributes were below the allowable quality standards. The average concentrations for iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr) and cadmium (Cd) were ranged from 0.003 mg/L to 5 mg/L, 0.475 mg/L to 0.752 mg/L, 0.14 mg/L to 0.703 mg/L, 0.261 mg/L to 2.182 mg/L, and 0.035 mg/L to 4.286 mg/L, respectively. The mean levels of metals in different areas decreased in the order: AR > AZ1 > PS1 > AZ3 > PS2 > MR > PS3 > SHD > AZ2 > CL. Except for Cu, the concentration of Fe, Pb, Cr, and Cd exceeded the safe limits described by WHO/FAO. According to principal component analysis and cluster analysis, anthropogenic activities were found to be the major source of metals. Chronic daily intake (CDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI), and incremental lifetime cancer risk assessment (ILCR) were employed to evaluate human health risks. Except for Pb in AZ1, PS3, and AR, the values of THQ for both ingestion and dermal pathways from the analysed metals for adults were within the safety limits (THQ
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