ArticleAmerican journal of physiology. Cell physiology2025
Local injection of particles for retinoic acid drug delivery improves muscle structure and modulates inflammation in mice recovering from cast immobilization.
Article in American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Integrated bioinformatics and mendelian randomization reveal a six-gene diagnostic signature and key role of CYP26B1 in sarcopenia.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Disuse muscle atrophy secondary to acute illness or injury prolongs recovery and increases risk of permanent disability as a result of reduced muscle strength and myofiber damage upon reambulation. However, there are no pharmacotherapies to support muscle growth and repair following prolonged immobility. We propose that all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) may support recovery of atrophied muscle via modulation of satellite cells and macrophages. Clinical application of ATRA is hindered by solubility, stability, and the need for high systemic doses. Therefore, in the current study, we developed poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) particles for local injection and extended release of ATRA (ATRA-PLG) and investigated the impact of ATRA-PLG on muscle recovery from disuse atrophy in adult mice following 10 days of hindlimb cast immobilization. A single administration of ATRA-PLG to the facia surrounding the calf muscle, at the time of cast removal, accelerates recovery of soleus muscle cross-sectional area. This is associated with decreased tissue damage, increased expression of macrophage scavenger receptors CD206 and CD163, and decreased CD68 and IL-6. Meanwhile, markers of muscle repair and growth are weakly impacted by ATRA-PLG. The data suggest that ATRA-PLG modulation of macrophages may limit inflammation and secondary injury to the atrophied muscle during the early stages of recovery, which then requires a lower repair response, and this translates to accelerated recovery of cross-sectional area. Our findings lay the foundation for future investigations of ATRA-PLG in populations that exhibit incomplete recovery from atrophy and dysregulated macrophage function, such as the elderly.
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