Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40952590›Full record

ArticleJournal of youth and adolescence2026

Identifying Defender Subgroups and Their Classroom Distribution Patterns in Chinese Adolescents: A Social-Ecological Multilevel Latent Profile Analysis.

Ning Xu, Hong Zou, Caina Li, Ping Ren

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of youth and adolescence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ning XuSchool of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
Hong ZouSchool of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.
Caina LiSchool of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China. chinali7371@163.com.
Ping RenCollaborative Innovation Center of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China. renping@bnu.edu.cn.

Funding

Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China 2021ZD0200500
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Defenders are critical in preventing school bullying, yet the association of their heterogeneity with social-ecological factors remains underexplored, especially over long-term development. Using a multilevel framework, this longitudinal study examined subgroups of defenders among Chinese adolescents, their distribution patterns at the classroom level, and how social-ecological factors influence these subgroups. Data were collected from 3569 junior high school students (initial M

Indexed as

Adolescent BehaviorAggressionBullyingSocial EnvironmentStudentsAdolescentChildChinaEast Asian PeopleFemaleHumansLatent Class AnalysisLongitudinal StudiesMaleMultilevel AnalysisPeer GroupChinese adolescentsClassroom normsClassroom status hierarchyDefendingMultilevel latent profile analysisSocial status

Identifiers

PMID40952590

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.