Markerless 2D/3D image guidance vs. 2D fluoroscopy in posterior pedicle screw fixation using intraoperative 2D imaging: An experimental study.

Introduction: Posterior fixation with pedicle screws (PS) is a standard procedure in spine surgery. While 3D navigation enhances accuracy and minimizes radiation exposure, the high technical demands and costs typically restrict its use to specialized centers. A potential alternative is markerless 2D/3D image guidance, which enables precise 3D guidance using a standard 2D C-arm. Research question: This experimental study aims to determine whether 2D/3D image guidance enhances accuracy, speed, and radiologic parameters in thoracic and lumbar PS placement compared to 2D fluoroscopy. Material and methods: This experimental study used radiopaque artificial spine models to compare posterior PS placement between 2D/3D image guidance and 2D fluoroscopy. Three surgeons with different experiences in spine surgery placed 120 PS in total. Two raters assessed accuracy using the Gertzbein-Robbins grading system (GRS). Results: K-wire placement accuracy was higher with 2D/3D image guidance ( Discussion and conclusion: Markerless 2D/3D image guidance significantly enhances the accuracy of PS placement compared to 2D fluoroscopy, although it requires more time for each placement. This system has the potential to improve precision in minimally invasive spine surgery, especially in settings without access to advanced 3D navigation systems. However, the results are based on artificial bone models and limited user experience, which may reduce their generalizability to clinical practice.