ReviewFrontiers in physiology2025
Comparative effectiveness of physical training modalities on swimming performance: a two-tier network meta-analysis.
Review in Frontiers in physiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Effects of NMES Combined with Water-Based Resistance Training on Muscle Coordination in Freestyle Kick Movement.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
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4 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of different physical training environments and modalities on swimming performance and sport-specific skills in competitive swimmers using a two-tier network meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic search of six databases identified 36 randomized controlled trials involving 844 competitive swimmers. A first-tier network meta-analysis compared aquatic, dry-land, and combined training environments across performance outcomes (25 m, 50 m, 100 m, 200 m times) and sport-specific metrics (start time, turn time, swim velocity, stroke rate, stroke length). A second-tier analysis further examined specific training modalities within combined and dry-land categories. Mean differences (MD) and standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported; interventions were ranked using surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). Results: Combined training showed the highest efficacy across multiple outcomes. Compared to control, it significantly improved 100 m time (MD = -2.01 s; 95% CI: -2.87 to -1.16), swimming velocity (MD = 1.27 m/s; 95% CI: 0.61-1.94), stroke rate (SMD = 1.63; 95% CI: 0.92-2.34), and stroke length (SMD = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.23-1.49). In the second-tier analysis, water plus dry-land resistance training (W + DRT) ranked highest across 50 m, 100 m, swim velocity, and stroke metrics. Core training and power training showed specific benefits for 25 m sprint (MD = -0.90s; 95% CI: -1.79 to -0.01) and take-off velocity (MD = 0.18 m/s; 95% CI: 0.03-0.32). Conclusion: Combined aquatic and dry-land training-especially W + DRT-most effectively improves swimming performance and sport-specific skills. Core and power training function as targeted adjuncts. These findings provide a concise, precision-based prescription for physical preparation in competitive swimming.
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