Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40951411›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in public health2025

Evaluating infection prevention and control programs in Zambian hospitals using the WHO infection prevention and control assessment framework tool.

Steward Mudenda, Joseph Yamweka Chizimu, Linus Ndegwa, Maisa Kasanga, Ilunga Mutwale, Aubrey Chichonyi Kalungia, Evelyn Wesangula, Adriano Focus Lubanga, James C L Mwansa, Martha Mwaba and 14 more

Abstract readMulticenter Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors.

Steward MudendaAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
Joseph Yamweka ChizimuAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
Linus NdegwaInfection Prevention Network-Kenya (IPNET-Kenya), Mombasa, Kenya.
Maisa KasangaAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
Ilunga MutwaleAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
Aubrey Chichonyi KalungiaAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
Evelyn WesangulaStrengthening Pandemic Preparedness, Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa Health Community, Arusha, Tanzania.
Adriano Focus LubangaEducation and Research, Clinical Research Education and Management Services (CREAMS), Lilongwe, Malawi.
James C L MwansaDepartment of Medicine, Lusaka Apex Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia.
Martha MwabaResident Doctors Association of Zambia, Ministry of Health Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Amos Yared MasseleDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Kairuki University, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
Nyambe SinyangeAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
Tapfumanei MasheHealth Systems Strengthening Unit, World Health Organization, Harare, Zimbabwe.
Malambo MutilaAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
Paul Simujayang'ombeAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.
David LowranceThe Global Fund, Geneva, Switzerland.
Kaunda YambaAction on Antibiotic Resistance (ReAct) Africa, Lusaka, Zambia.
Misheck ShawaHokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, Hokkaido University, Lusaka, Zambia.
Chie NakajimaDivision of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.
Yasuhiko SuzukiDivision of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Japan.
John Bwalya MumaDepartment of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
Massimo SartelliDepartment of Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy.
Brian GodmanDepartment of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa.
Roma ChilengiAntimicrobial Resistance Coordinating Committee, Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia.

Funding

World Health Organization 001
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) is key to preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study evaluated the implementation of IPC in Zambian hospitals. Materials and methods: We conducted a multicentric cross-sectional study in nine hospitals across Zambia using the WHO IPCAF tool. Data were collected from September 1 to 30, 2024 and analyzed using the self-scoring Excel and IBM SPSS version 25.0. Results: Out of the nine hospitals assessed, four were tertiary-level hospitals while the rest were secondary-level hospitals. Overall, the implementation of IPC core components was intermediate (IPCAF Score of 594 out of 800). Four hospitals had IPCAF scores between 401 and 600, indicating an intermediate level of IPC implementation. Five hospitals scored between 601 and 800, indicating an advanced implementation of IPC in these hospitals. Three tertiary hospitals scored between 601 and 800, demonstrating their advanced implementation of IPC core components. Conclusion: This study found that the overall implementation of IPC in the surveyed hospitals was intermediate, indicating that further improvements were needed. There is a need to provide peer-learning support and strengthen IPC implementation to respond to new or re-emerging infections and AMR in the country and beyond.

Indexed as

Cross InfectionHospitalsInfection ControlCross-Sectional StudiesHumansProgram EvaluationWorld Health OrganizationZambiaantimicrobial resistancehealthcare-associated infectionsinfection prevention and controlIPCAFZambia

Identifiers

PMID40951411
PMCPMC12425723

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.