ArticleResearch square2025
Millimeter-Wave Directed Energy-Mediated Neural Cell Injury: Insights into Protein Degradation and Cell Injury Mechanisms.
Article in Research square, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
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Abstract
Background: Millimeter-wave directed energy (mmWave DE) is increasingly used in telecommunications and military applications, yet its biological effects on neuronal systems remain unclear. To characterize the spatially dependent cellular and molecular impacts of 34.14 GHz mmWave DE exposure on mouse neuroblastoma (N2A) cells as a model system. Methods: N2A cells were exposed to mmWave DE for 48 hours, generating three defined zones: Center (direct exposure), Penumbra (peripheral exposure), and Control. Morphological changes were evaluated by microscopy; viability and membrane integrity were assessed via MTT and LDH assays. Cytoskeletal protein degradation (αII-Spectrin, Vimentin) was measured by Western blot. Label-free LC-MS/MS proteomics, Gene Ontology (GO), Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), and Pathway Studio were used to define global molecular responses. Results: Center-exposed cells showed severe morphological disruption, reduced viability ( Conclusion: mmWave DE exposure induces graded cellular injury, ranging from stress adaptation in peripheral regions to proteostasis collapse and structural failure in direct-hit zones. These findings support reconsideration of mmWave safety standards and highlight parallels with neurodegenerative mechanisms.
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