ArticleFrontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology2025
Time-of-flight camera achieves high diagnostic accuracy in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a promising radiation-free alternative to radiography.
Article in Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Deep learning based screening and regular assessment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using wearable IMU sensors.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
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6 authors.
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Abstract
Background: The close monitoring of the adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) population during the growing years is necessary and requires repetitive X-rays. This study aimed to evaluate the validity and test characteristics of the time-of-flight (TOF) camera, a novel radiation-free tool, for assessing trunk asymmetry in patients with AIS. Methods: In this prospective diagnostic accuracy study, 94 AIS patients (10-18 years) underwent standardized TOF camera imaging (seated position). Among them, 81 also received an angle of trunk rotation (ATR) assessment using a scoliometer (forward-bending position). The average major Cobb angle (CA) in the cohort was 21.4°. The global trunk asymmetry (GTA) provided by the TOF camera and the scoliometer-based ATR were compared with the gold-standard major Cobb angle from 2D radiography (standing position) using Pearson correlation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of GTA for AIS diagnosis (CA > 10°) and brace indication (CA > 20°). Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and area under the curve (AUC) values were reported and compared for GTA and ATR. Results: GTA was significantly correlated with the radiographic CA (p < 0.001). For scoliosis diagnosis (CA ≥ 10°), the AUC was 0.87 (0.79-0.96) for GTA (threshold = 7°, Se = 80%, and Sp = 80%) and 0.95 (0.9-1.0) for ATR. The AUC values of GTA and ATR were not significantly different ( Conclusion: The TOF camera appears to offer promising test characteristics for AIS diagnosis, with a high correlation to radiographic CA and competitive diagnostic accuracy using a scoliometer. Although the seated positioning differs from standard radiographs, this approach enhances reproducibility and patient compliance. The high sensitivity and specificity of the TOF camera for scoliosis diagnosis highlight its potential as a safe, fast, and reliable alternative to X-ray imaging in routine clinical settings. Further investigations (assessing solid screening characteristics and inter- and intra-individual repeatability and validity) are needed before it can replace repetitive radiographs for monitoring AIS progression in growing patients.
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