ArticlePreventive medicine reports2025
Association of COVID vaccinations and treatments with long COVID beyond 6 months: a case-control study on the adult population in a large integrated healthcare system in the United States from 2020 to 2023.
Article in Preventive medicine reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding the Impact of Long COVID on the Lives of Thai University Students.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Predictors of Long COVID-19 Syndrome and Hospital Admissions Among COVID-19-Diagnosed Adult Patients Who Self-Isolated at Home in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa.Nursing research and practice · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Long coronavirus disease (Long COVID) is a chronic condition causing significant long-term disability and economic burden. This study aims to measure the association between COVID vaccinations and treatment at the time of acute infection with Long COVID outcomes beyond six months post-infection, controlling for demographic and medical variables. Methods: This retrospective case-control study used electronic medical records from Kaiser Permanente Southern California to evaluate Long COVID outcomes from January 2022 to June 2023 with vaccination doses and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, and from October 2020 to June 2023 with remdesivir and other treatments. Statistical analysis used univariate chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests and conditional logistic regression. Results: Our study had 840 (January 2022 analysis) and 2632 (October 2020 analysis) Long COVID patients diagnosed by International Classification of Diseases-10 code at least 6 months after acute COVID infection with 1:5 matched controls by age, sex, race/ethnicity, Body Mass Index, and date of acute COVID infection. Long COVID outcome was inversely associated with the number of COVID vaccination doses (one dose odds ratio (OR) 0.77; 95 % CI 0.63-0.96, two doses OR 0.73; 95 % CI 0.59-0.92, three doses OR 0.64; 95 % CI 0.44-1.00, four doses OR 0.29; 95 % CI 0.06-1.49) and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (OR 0.05; 95 % CI 0.04-0.07) or remdesivir (OR 0.31; 95 % CI 0.19-0.49) treatment with no interaction between three vaccinations with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and four vaccinations with remdesivir treatment. Conclusion: These findings may influence existing clinical practices for vaccination and antiviral treatment strategies to decrease Long COVID consequences.
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