ArticleWorld journal of diabetes2025
Higher glycated hemoglobin amplifies the effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4-related cognition and olfaction impairments in type 2 diabetes.
Article in World journal of diabetes, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundApolipoprotein E epsilon 4 (APOE4) is recognized as a genetic risk factor for cognitive decline and neurodegeneration in both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease, while glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects persistent hyperglycemia and serves as a key indicator of long-term glycemic control in T2DM. Although both factors have been individually linked to neurobehavioral deficits, it remains uncertain whether HbA1c contributes to APOE4-related cognitive and olfactory impairment in individuals with T2DM.
aimTo investigate the role of HbA1c in APOE4-associated cognitive and olfactory dysfunction in patients with T2DM.
methodsOf 636 T2DM patients were recruited from five medical centers in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. APOE genotyping was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction using Gerard's method. Cognitive and olfactory functions were assessed by mini-mental state examination and Connecticut chemosensory clinical research center test, respectively. Regression analysis was employed to assess the independent and interactive effects of HbA1c on APOE4-associated cognitive and olfactory function.
resultsAPOE4 was associated with increased risks of cognitive impairment [odds ratios (OR) = 1.815,
conclusionElevated HbA1c levels are associated with increased risks of cognitive and olfactory impairments in patients with T2DM and may exacerbate the detrimental effects of APOE4. These findings underscore the need for early preventive strategies targeting individuals with both poor glycemic control and APOE4 carriage to mitigate neurodegenerative risk.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.