Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40948575›Full record

ArticleJournal of flow chemistry2025

Multistep non-fouling continuous flow synthesis and PEG-functionalisation of biocompatible iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia, photothermal heating and antifungal activity.

Sayan Pal, Georgios Gkogkos, Jacopo Piovesan, Zoe Whiteley, Maximilian O Besenhard, Liudmyla Storozhuk, Martin R Lees, Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh, Duncan Q M Craig, Alexander J MacRobert and 2 more

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of flow chemistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Sayan PalDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7 JE UK.
Georgios GkogkosDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7 JE UK.
Jacopo PiovesanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7 JE UK.
Zoe WhiteleyUCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK.
Maximilian O BesenhardDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7 JE UK.
Liudmyla StorozhukUCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratories, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS UK.
Martin R LeesDepartment of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL UK.
Nguyen Thi Kim ThanhUCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratories, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London, W1S 4BS UK.
Duncan Q M CraigUCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK.
Alexander J MacRobertDepartment of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, NW3 2PS UK.
Sudaxshina MurdanUCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX UK.
Asterios GavriilidisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7 JE UK.ORCID 0000-0003-3508-5043

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

An innovative method for synthesising and functionalising iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) with polyethylene glycol (PEG) using a continuous three-phase segmented flow reactor is presented. Integration of synthesis and functionalisation within a single reactor platform eliminates the need for laborious batch post-processing steps, such as washing, separation, and dialysis, significantly reducing processing time and enhancing efficiency. The incorporation of oleic acid during the PEG functionalisation step further improved colloidal stability, resulting in 15 nm nanoparticles that remained stable for months without precipitation. FTIR and TGA confirmed successful functionalisation, while XRD showed the absence of byproducts. The PEG-functionalised IONPs exhibited excellent biocompatibility, as confirmed by in vitro cytotoxicity assays, with cell viability exceeding 80% at biologically relevant concentrations. Importantly, the functionalisation process preserved the nanoparticles' key magnetic and thermal properties, such as saturation magnetisation, magnetic heating efficiency and photothermal response, which are essential for their application in therapeutic settings. Biomedical applications of these functionalised IONPs were explored across multiple domains. The nanoparticles showed efficient magnetic hyperthermia performance under an alternating magnetic field, making them suitable for cancer treatment via localised heating. Additionally, their photothermal properties were assessed under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, demonstrating temperature rise proportional to concentration, and hence their potential for dual-mode therapeutic applications. Furthermore, antifungal activity assays revealed PEG-functionalised IONP's efficacy against

Indexed as

Antifungal activityIron oxide nanoparticlesMagnetic hyperthermiaMillifluidic reactorOn-line functionalisationPhotothermal effect

Identifiers

PMID40948575
PMCPMC12426144

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.