ArticleBrain and behavior2025
Depressive Symptoms Profiles and Cognitive Outcomes After Stroke.
Article in Brain and behavior, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Depression and anxiety in vascular dementia: an update.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2026Review
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Defined Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden and Longitudinal Neuropsychiatric and Functional Recovery After Stroke: A Prospective Cohort Study.Neurology international · 2026Article
- Depressive Symptoms Profiles and Cognitive Outcomes After Stroke.Brain and behavior · 2025Article
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12 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionPost-stroke depressive symptoms are heterogeneous and variably associated with other psycho-cognitive features. We employed cluster analysis to identify distinct profiles of post-stroke depressive symptomatology and their association with cognitive performance.
methodsWe included consecutive patients undergoing neuropsychiatric evaluation 6 months after stroke. Cluster analysis incorporated the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, along with the apathy and anxiety items from the Neuropsychiatric Inventory questionnaire. Baseline clinical/neuroimaging variables and 6-months cognitive outcomes were compared across profiles.
resultsWe included 189 patients with acute cerebrovascular events (median age 75.4 years, 62% male, 80% ischemic strokes). Three profiles emerged: (A) low-depressive symptoms (n = 108), (B) moderate-depressive symptoms plus anxiety (n = 41), (C) high-depressive symptoms plus apathy (n = 40). Regarding baseline predictors of 6-month depressive symptoms profiles, patients with high-depressive symptoms plus apathy exhibited lower Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores at baseline (16.0 vs. 21.5; adjusted odds ratio [adj.OR] per 1-point increase 0.91, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.83-0.99) compared to patients with low-depressive symptoms; moderate-depressive symptoms plus anxiety patients had less cortical atrophy compared to both low-depressive symptoms (adj.OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86-0.99) and high-depressive symptoms plus apathy (adj.OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81-0.97) profiles. Regarding 6-month cognitive performance, high-depressive symptoms plus apathy patients showed higher rates of post-stroke dementia and attention/executive function impairment compared with the two other groups (both p < 0.05), and higher rates of language impairment compared with low-depressive symptoms profile (p < 0.05).
conclusionBy integrating apathy and anxiety in our model, depressive symptoms after stroke emerged as heterogeneous neuropsychiatric syndromes, showing different baseline predictors and distinctive cognitive patterns.
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