Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40945226›Full record

ArticleInjury2025

Associations between neighborhood-level gun violence and child general health status: An ECHO cohort analysis.

Nandita Somayaji, Emily A Knapp, Marie L Churchill, Kelly A Hirko, Courtney K Blackwell, Alison E Hipwell, Nicholas Cragoe, Judy L Aschner, Lisa A Croen, Theresa M Bastain and 23 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Injury, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

33 authors.

Nandita SomayajiJohns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. Electronic address: nsomaya2@jh.edu.
Emily A KnappJohns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Marie L ChurchillJohns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Kelly A HirkoMichigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, 909 Fee Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
Courtney K BlackwellNorthwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medical Social Sciences, 633 N Saint Clair Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Alison E HipwellUniversity of Pittsburgh, Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, Clinical & Translational Science, 3500 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
Nicholas CragoeUniversity of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 405 N Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Judy L AschnerHackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Center for Discovery and Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, 80 James Street, Edison, NJ 08820, USA.
Lisa A CroenKaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
Theresa M BastainUniversity of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, 2001 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Amy J ElliottUniversity of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Avera Research Institute & Department of Pediatrics, 1400 W 22nd Street, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
Christina A PorucznikUniversity of Utah, Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
Kristen LyallDrexel University, AJ Drexel Autism Institute, 3020 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Carlos A CamargoHarvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
Hooman MirzakhaniHarvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
T Michael O'SheaUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pediatrics, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
Zoe B KaplanUniversity of California, Davis, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical Sciences 1-C, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
Thomas G O'ConnorUniversity of Rochester, Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Obstetrics and Gynecology, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
Margaret R KaragasDartmouth College, Geisel School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, 1 Medical Center Drive, Hanover, NH 03756, USA.
Traci A BekelmanUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Colorado School of Public Health, Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, 13001 E 17th Place, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Patricia A BrennanEmory University, Department of Psychology, 36 Eagle Row, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
Assiamira FerraraKaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, 2000 Broadway, Oakland, CA 94612, USA.
Leslie D LeveUniversity of Oregon, Prevention Science Institute, 1600 Millrace Drive, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
Annemarie StroustrupNorthwell Health, 2000 Marcus Avenue, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
Carrie V BretonUniversity of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, 2001 N Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
Daphne Koinis-MitchellBrown University, Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
Viren A D'SaBrown University, Department of Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
Sean DeoniBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health Discovery & Tools, 440 5th Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
Anna J YeoBrown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Rhode Island Hospital, 593 Eddy Street, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
Amy M PadulaUniversity of California, San Francisco, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, 550 16th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
Cassandra K CrifasiJohns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy and Management, Center for Gun Violence Solutions, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Aruna ChandranJohns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
ECHO Cohort Consortium

Funding

ECHODAC (Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Data Analysis Center)U24OD023382 · OD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Diane J Catellier, LISA P JACOBSON · 2016 to 2026
$148.4M
A prospective study of critical environmental exposures in formative early life that impact lifelong health in rural US children: the New Hampshire Birth Cohort StudyUH3OD023275 · OD · DARTMOUTH COLLEGE · PI MARGARET Rita KARAGAS, Juliette Madan · 2018 to 2026
$44.3M
The ECHO Measurement Core: A Framework and Resource for Assessing Environmental Exposure and Child HealthU24OD023319 · OD · NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY AT CHICAGO · PI Courtney K Blackwell, RICHARD GERSHON · 2016 to 2026
$43.7M
Early Life Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals and Child Growth, Adiposity, and NeurodevelopmentUH3OD023289 · OD · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI ASSIAMIRA FERRARA, Monique Marie Hedderson · 2018 to 2026
$25.1M
Host genetics, early-life microbiome, and childhood asthma: MARC-43 BostonUH3OD023253 · OD · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI CARLOS ARTURO CAMARGO · 2018 to 2026
$12.1M
Prenatal Environment And Child Health (PEACH) in ECHOUH3OD035550 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI Rebecca Jean Schmidt · 2025 to 2026
$4.0M
Prenatal Environment And Child Health (PEACH) in ECHOUG3OD035550 · OD · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI SCHMIDT, REBECCA JEAN · 2023 to 2024
$3.2M
NIH HHS U24 OD023319NIH HHS U24 OD023382NIH HHS UG3 OD035550NIH HHS UH3 OD023253NIH HHS UH3 OD023275NIH HHS UH3 OD023289NIH HHS UH3 OD035550
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The impact of gun violence on the well-being of children in the United States is a vital public health issue. Gaps remain in characterizing the population health burden, exacerbated by gun violence data limitations and research policy restrictions. This study explores the association between neighborhood-level gun violence and the general health status of children nationwide in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) study. 13,450 children ages 0-17 and parents reported general health status. Gun violence incidents, defined as any death or injury caused by a gun, were extracted from the publicly available Gun Violence Archive by census tract between 2020 and 2023. Census tracts were categorized as low gun violence (< 2 incidents between 2020-2023) and high gun violence (≥ 2 incidents). A generalized estimating equation logistic model with robust variance was used to estimate the association between binary general health status (Good/Fair/Poor vs. Excellent/Very good) and neighborhood-level gun violence events adjusting for individual and census tract-level sociodemographic covariates. 11,329 (84 %) reported Excellent/Very Good general health and 2121 (16 %) reported Good/Fair/Poor general health. The adjusted odds of Excellent/Very Good general health were 20 % lower among children living in census tracts with high gun violence compared to low gun violence (OR 0.804; 95 % CI: 0.721, 0.897). When stratified by age group, the odds of Excellent/Very Good general health among younger children (ages 0 - 7) were 17.3 % lower (OR 0.827; 95 % CI: 0.687, 0.997) and 19.7 % lower among older children (ages 8 - 17) among those living in census tracts with high gun violence compared to those with low gun violence (OR 0.803; 95 % CI: 0.702, 0.919). Among children living in high socioeconomic vulnerability census tracts, the odds of Excellent/Very Good general health were 23 % lower in children living in census tracts with high gun violence compared to those with low gun violence (OR 0.767, 95 % CI 0.669, 0.880). Findings underscore the importance of community violence prevention efforts and the need to strengthen our understanding of community risk factors such as gun violence that hinder optimal child growth and development.

Indexed as

Child HealthFirearmsGun ViolenceHealth StatusNeighborhood CharacteristicsResidence CharacteristicsWounds, GunshotAdolescentChildChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfantInfant, NewbornMaleChildEpidemiologyFirearmsGeneral healthGun violencePublic healthViolence prevention

Identifiers

PMID40945226
PMCPMC12840012

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.