ArticleUltrasonics sonochemistry2025
Biohybrid Chlorella-HSA with Self-Oxygenation and Dual-Modal activation for synergistic Photo-Sonodynamic immunotherapy.
Article in Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Special issue on "Advances of Ultrasound Technology in Biomaterial Assembly and Theranostics".Ultrasonics sonochemistry · 2026Article
- Sonodynamic Therapy-Enhanced Immunotherapy for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Advances, Nanoplatform Strategies, and Clinical Prospects.Molecular imaging and biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multimodal dynamic therapies enhance precision oncology by synergistically harnessing reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cytotoxicity, as exemplified in photodynamic and sonodynamic modalities. However, it faces key challenges including hypoxic tumors, low ROS yields, poor deep-tissue penetration, and immunosuppressive niches. To address these challenges, we engineered Chlorella vulgaris (Chl) into a biohybrid platform through sequential integration with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphine tetraiodide (TPP) and human serum albumin (HSA) (termed Chl@TPP/HSA) for synergistic photo-sonodynamic immunotherapy. This system integrates the photosynthetic oxygenation capacity of Chl with the dual photo-sonosensitizing properties of TPP, thereby overcoming hypoxia and amplifying cytotoxic effects. Due to surface functionalization with HSA, tumor-targeted accumulation was improved by 6.4-fold compared with that of unmodified Chl. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that Chl@TPP/HSA under laser and ultrasound (US) irradiation effectively induced immunogenic cell death (ICD), which was marked by high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) translocation, ATP release, and calreticulin (CRT) exposure. These effects synergistically activated dendritic cell (DC) maturation (42.5 % CD80 + CD86 + increase), enhanced natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity (59.5 % upregulation of CD107a + ), promoted cytotoxic CD8 + T-cell infiltration (32.5 % increase), and polarized macrophages toward the M1 phenotype (30.7 % reduction in CD206 + cells). Systemic administration of Chl@TPP/HSA achieved a 91.7 % reduction in tumor volume in the 4 T1 breast cancer model via synergistic photo-sonodynamic immunotherapy. These results establish Chl@TPP/HSA as a multifunctional platform that integrates self-oxygenation, dual-modal ROS generation, and immunomodulation, offering an effective strategy for precision oncology.
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Registered trials
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