Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40943644›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025

Acetylcholinesterase as a Multifunctional Target in Amyloid-Driven Neurodegeneration: From Dual-Site Inhibitors to Anti-Agregation Strategies.

Weronika Grabowska, Michal Bijak, Rafał Szelenberger, Leslaw Gorniak, Marcin Podogrocki, Piotr Harmata, Natalia Cichon

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
24citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

24 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Endophytic Fungi from WildJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
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  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Review
  9. Evaluation of Neurotoxicity of NBOH Derivatives.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Article
  10. Review
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. BPC-157 and Its Novel Hybrid Analogs as Inhibitors of Acetylcholinesterase.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Article
  19. Review
  20. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Weronika GrabowskaBiohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
Michal BijakBiohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-7838-4097
Rafał SzelenbergerBiohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-6646-2203
Leslaw GorniakBiohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-9873-9521
Marcin PodogrockiBiohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-7566-4205
Piotr HarmataFaculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, 2 gen. S. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.ORCID 0000-0003-2318-6293
Natalia CichonBiohazard Prevention Centre, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-0139-2451

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has emerged not only as a cholinergic enzyme but also as a modulator of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation via its peripheral anionic site (PAS), making it a dual-purpose target in Alzheimer's disease. While classical AChE inhibitors provide symptomatic relief, they lack efficacy against the amyloidogenic cascade. This review highlights recent advances in multifunctional AChE pharmacophores that inhibit enzymatic activity while simultaneously interfering with Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress, metal dyshomeostasis, and neuroinflammation. Particular emphasis is placed on dual-site inhibitors targeting both catalytic and peripheral domains, multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) acting on multiple neurodegenerative pathways, and metal-chelating hybrids that address redox-active metal ions promoting Aβ fibrillization. We also discuss enabling technologies such as AI-assisted drug design, high-resolution structural tools, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal models that support physiologically relevant validation. These insights reflect a paradigm shift towards disease-modifying therapies that bridge molecular pharmacology and pathophysiological relevance.

Indexed as

AcetylcholinesteraseAlzheimer DiseaseAmyloid beta-PeptidesCholinesterase InhibitorsNeurodegenerative DiseasesAnimalsHumansOxidative StressAcetylcholinesteraseAmyloid beta-PeptidesCholinesterase Inhibitorsacetylcholinesterase inhibitorsamyloid aggregationdual-site inhibitorsmulti-target-directed ligandsneurodegeneration

Identifiers

PMID40943644
PMCPMC12428950

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.