ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2025
Immunological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: From Inflammatory Response to Neurorepair.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 23 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
23 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Immunomodulation for stroke-associated pneumonia: a systematic review of mechanistic insight and emerging therapeutic strategies in animal models.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Low-dose nicardipine during cardiopulmonary bypass improves carotid hemodynamics in CABG patients: a randomized controlled trial.Journal of cardiothoracic surgery · 2025Trial
- PLP1-triggered NOT gate to address neurotoxicity risk of PSMA-targeted prostate cancer therapy.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Taraxerol Alleviates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Induced Inflammation and Ferroptosis via Regulating AKT/NF-κB Pathway.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2026Article
- Spexin Attenuates Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion-Induced Brain Injury in Rats via Suppression of NF-κB-Associated Inflammation and Apoptosis.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- Article
- The relationship between inflammatory markers and the severity and prognosis of neurological dysfunction in stroke patients.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Identification of TBXAS1 as a candidate biomarker and potential microglia-associated inflammatory regulator in Parkinson's disease.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Article
- Polydatin Inhibits Neuroinflammation in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Suppressing the CXCL3/CXCR2 Axis.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Neuroprotective potential ofVeterinary world · 2026Review
- Ketogenic Diet and Brain Health: Cerebrovascular Mechanisms, Neuroprotection, and Translational Implications.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Postoperative neurocognitive disorder: migration and crosstalk of inflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system.Perioperative medicine (London, England) · 2026Review
- From Traumatic Brain Injury to Alzheimer's Disease: Multilevel Biomechanical, Neurovascular, and Molecular Mechanisms with Emerging Therapeutic Directions.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Ptbp2 Alleviates Neuroinflammation and Blood-brain Barrier Disruption via Modulating Microglial Polarization in Ischemic Stroke.Molecular neurobiology · 2026Article
- A Water Extract of Mixed Mushroom Mycelia Mitigates Cognitive Deficit and Oxidative Stress After Global Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- Mapping the Ischemic Continuum: Dynamic Multi-Omic Biomarker and AI for Personalized Stroke Care.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Integrated Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis Elucidates the Mechanisms of Huperzine A Injection Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Article
- Article
- Protective Effect of Chinese Herbal Medicine on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Regulating Ferroptosis.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) is a complex pathological process that arises when blood flow is restored to the brain after ischemia, often resulting in significant neuronal damage and triggering secondary inflammatory responses. This review explores the immune mechanisms underlying CIRI, focusing on the activation and polarization of resident central nervous system (CNS) cells-particularly microglia and astrocytes-and the infiltration of peripheral immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and T lymphocytes. We discuss the central role of microglia in the neuroinflammatory cascade, their polarization between pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes, and how this process influences neuronal damage and tissue repair. This review highlights the roles of the complement system, inflammasome activation, and blood-brain barrier disruption as key drivers of inflammation and neuronal injury. Additionally, we elaborate on the dynamic interactions between resident and infiltrating immune cells, which amplify inflammation and impede post-ischemic recovery. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies targeting immune modulation, including cytokine regulation, microglial reprogramming, and targeted drug delivery systems, which offer promising avenues for improving outcomes in ischemic stroke.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.