Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40942857›Full record

ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Measurement System for Current Transformer Calibration from 50 Hz to 150 kHz Using a Wideband Power Analyzer.

Mano Rom, Helko E van den Brom, Ernest Houtzager, Ronald van Leeuwen, Dennis van der Born, Gert Rietveld, Fabio Muñoz

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Mano RomVSL B.V. (VSL), 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0003-2764-9256
Helko E van den BromVSL B.V. (VSL), 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-5796-3906
Ernest HoutzagerVSL B.V. (VSL), 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0001-9430-618X
Ronald van LeeuwenVSL B.V. (VSL), 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0003-1410-0400
Dennis van der BornElectrical Sustainable Energy Department, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID 0009-0002-6430-6079
Gert RietveldVSL B.V. (VSL), 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-5239-4019
Fabio MuñozElectrical Sustainable Energy Department, Delft University of Technology (TU Delft), 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-2100-7899

Funding

European Partnership on Metrology 22NRM06 ADMIT
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Accurate and reliable characterization of current transformer (CT) performance is essential for maintaining grid stability and power quality in modern electrical networks. CT measurements are key to effective monitoring of harmonic distortions, supporting regulatory compliance and ensuring the safe operation of the grid. This paper addresses a method for the characterization of CTs across an extended frequency range from 50 Hz up to 150 kHz, driven by increasing power quality issues introduced by renewable energy installations and non-linear loads. Traditional CT calibration approaches involve measurement setups that offer ppm-level uncertainty but are complex to operate and limited in practical frequency range. To simplify and expand calibration capabilities, a calibration system employing a sampling ammeter (power analyzer) was developed, enabling the direct measurement of CT secondary currents of an unknown CT and a reference CT without any further auxiliary equipment. The resulting expanded magnitude ratio uncertainties for the wideband CT calibration system are 10 ppm (k=2) up to 10 kHz and less than 120 ppm from 10 kHz to 150 kHz; these uncertainties do not include the uncertainty of the reference CT. Additionally, the operational conditions and setup design choices, such as instrument warm-up duration, grounding methods, measurement shunt selection, and cable type, were evaluated for their impact on measurement uncertainty and repeatability. The results highlight the significance of minimizing parasitic impedances at higher frequencies and maintaining consistent testing conditions. The developed calibration setup provides a robust foundation for future standardization efforts and practical guidance to characterize CT performance in the increasingly important supraharmonic frequency range.

Indexed as

calibrationcurrent ratiocurrent transformersphase errorprecision power analyzersratio errorsampling current ratio bridgeuncertaintywidebandwide dynamic range

Identifiers

PMID40942857
PMCPMC12431043

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.