Millimeter-Wave Antennas for 5G Wireless Communications: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Trends.

Yutao Yang, Minmin Mao, Junran Xu, Huan Liu, Jianhua Wang, Kaixin Song

Abstract readReview

In one paragraph

Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Micromachined mmWave 28.0/38.0 GHz MIMO antenna loaded with frequency selective surface for gain enhancement and SAR analysis for future wireless applications.PloS one · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Yutao YangCollege of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.

Minmin MaoCollege of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.

Junran XuCollege of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.

Huan LiuCollege of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.

Jianhua WangSchool of Electronic Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University Information Engineering College, Hangzhou 311305, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1962-9119

Kaixin SongCollege of Electronic Information and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China.ORCID 0000-0002-4622-1234

Funding

Department of Science and Technology of Zhejiang province on "sharp soldiers" and "leading geese" research and development research planning project 2023C01183National Natural Science Foundation of China 51602147National Natural Science Foundation of China 51672063National Natural Science Foundation of China 52161145401Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China 16KJB430017Project of Scientific Research, Technical Exploitation Program of the Guangxi Zhuang Autono-mous Region AD24010021

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

With the rapid evolution of 5G wireless communications, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has become a crucial enabler for high-speed, low-latency, and large-scale connectivity. As the critical interface for signal transmission, mmWave antennas directly affect system performance, reliability, and application scope. This paper reviews the current state of mmWave antenna technologies in 5G systems, focusing on antenna types, design considerations, and integration strategies. We discuss how the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) architectures and advanced beamforming techniques enhance system capacity and link robustness. State-of-the-art integration methods, such as antenna-in-package (AiP) and chip-level integration, are examined for their importance in achieving compact and high-performance mmWave systems. Material selection and fabrication technologies-including low-loss substrates like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), hydrocarbon-based materials, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), and microwave dielectric ceramics, as well as emerging processes such as low-temperature co-fired ceramics (LTCC), 3D printing, and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-are also analyzed. Key challenges include propagation path limitations, power consumption and thermal management in highly integrated systems, cost-performance trade-offs for mass production, and interoperability standardization across vendors. Finally, we outline future research directions, including intelligent beam management, reconfigurable antennas, AI-driven designs, and hybrid mmWave-sub-6 GHz systems, highlighting the vital role of mmWave antennas in shaping next-generation wireless networks.

Indexed as

5G communicationsantenna integration technologybeamforminglow-loss materials and fabricationmillimeter-wave (mmWave) antennasMIMO

Identifiers

PMID40942852

DOI10.3390/s25175424

PMCPMC12431329

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.