Design of Monitoring Systems for Contaminant Detection in Water Networks Under Pipe Break-Induced Events.

Ludovica Palma, Fatemeh Hatam, Armando Di Nardo, Michèle Prévost

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Ludovica PalmaIndustrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.ORCID 0009-0003-8759-6782

Fatemeh HatamIndustrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.

Armando Di NardoDepartment of Engineering, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81031 Aversa, Italy.

Michèle PrévostIndustrial Chair on Drinking Water, Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, CP 6079, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-1867-5885

Funding

the Industrial Chair on Drinking Water at Polytechnique Montréal NSERC-ALLRP 560764 - 20

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Water distribution networks (WDNs) are critical infrastructure yet vulnerable to contamination, thereby threatening public health. Rapid contaminant detection through sensor systems is essential for water safety. This study compares topological and optimization-based methods for sensor placement under intentional and accidental contamination scenarios triggered by low-pressure events. A novel approach is introduced to model pipe break events that generate low-pressure zones, creating pathways for contamination. Unlike traditional models, this method dynamically estimates contaminant intrusion volume based on the available node pressure. The study reveals that while optimization-based sensor placement yields better outcomes than the topological approach, the performance gap narrows as the number of sensors increases or when the system is tested against scenarios different from those used for optimization. The findings highlight a major issue in sensor detection when water quality is considered. For

Indexed as

drinking waterEPANET-MSXlow-pressure eventsmulti-species analysiswater distribution systemsweighted topological approach

Identifiers

PMID40942748

DOI10.3390/s25175320

PMCPMC12431176

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.