Enhanced YOLOv11 Framework for Accurate Multi-Fault Detection in UAV Photovoltaic Inspection.

Stains, defects, and snow accumulation constitute three prevalent photovoltaic (PV) anomalies; each exhibits unique color and thermal signatures yet collectively curtail energy yield. Existing detectors typically sacrifice accuracy for speed, and none simultaneously classify all three fault types. To counter the identified limitations, an enhanced YOLOv11 framework is introduced. First, the hue-saturation-value (HSV) color model is employed to decouple hue and brightness, strengthening color feature extraction and cross-sensor generalization. Second, an outlook attention module integrated into the backbone precisely delineates micro-defect boundaries. Third, a mix structure block in the detection head encodes global context and fine-grained details to boost small object recognition. Additionally, the bounded sigmoid linear unit (B-SiLU) activation function optimizes gradient flow and feature discrimination through an improved nonlinear mapping, while the gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) visualizations confirm selective attention to fault regions. Experimental results show that overall mean average precision (mAP) rises by 1.8%, with defect, stain, and snow accuracies improving by 2.2%, 3.3%, and 0.8%, respectively, offering a reliable solution for intelligent PV inspection and early fault detection.