Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40942694›Full record

ReviewSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2025

A Survey of Deep Learning-Based 3D Object Detection Methods for Autonomous Driving Across Different Sensor Modalities.

Miguel Valverde, Alexandra Moutinho, João-Vitor Zacchi

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Miguel ValverdeInstituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.ORCID 0009-0001-0864-5474
Alexandra MoutinhoInstituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.ORCID 0000-0002-4271-7996
João-Vitor ZacchiFraunhofer IKS, 80686 Munich, Germany.ORCID 0009-0002-6975-6829

Funding

Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia DOI: 10.54499/UIDB/50022/2020
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive survey of deep learning-based methods for 3D object detection in autonomous driving, focusing on their use of diverse sensor modalities, including monocular cameras, stereo vision, LiDAR, radar, and multi-modal fusion. To systematically organize the literature, a structured taxonomy is proposed that categorizes methods by input modality. The review also outlines the chronological evolution of these approaches, highlighting major architectural developments and paradigm shifts. Furthermore, the surveyed methods are quantitatively compared using standard evaluation metrics across benchmark datasets in autonomous driving scenarios. Overall, this work provides a detailed and modality-agnostic overview of the current landscape of deep learning approaches for 3D object detection in autonomous driving. Results of this work are available in a github open repository.

Indexed as

3D object detectionautonomous vehiclesdeep learningKITTILiDARmonocular cameranuScenesradarsensor fusionstereo visionWaymo

Identifiers

PMID40942694
PMCPMC12431044

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.