Exploring the Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium on the Aromatic Characteristics of Ginseng Roots Using Non-Targeted Metabolomics Based on GC-MS and Multivariate Analysis.

Weiyu Cao, Hai Sun, Cai Shao, Hongjie Long, Yanmei Cui, Changwei Sun, Yayu Zhang

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Foods (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

2citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

Analysis of the Effect of Autoclaving on the Flavor of Fresh Ginseng Using Electronic Nose, HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
Article
Comprehensive analysis of the flavor volatiles and quality characteristics of ginseng products via GC × GC-TOF-MS, aroma profiles and multivariate statistics.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Weiyu CaoJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

Hai SunJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

Cai ShaoJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

Hongjie LongJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

Yanmei CuiJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

Changwei SunJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

Yayu ZhangJilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Materials Cultivation and Propagation, Institute of Special Economic Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.

Funding

the CAAS Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program CAAS-ASTIP-2021-ISAPSthe China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA CARS-21the National Key R&D Program of China 2021YFD1600902

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This study investigated individual/combined nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) deficiencies on ginseng root aroma using GC-MS metabolomics. Four treatments (normal supply, N deficiency (LN), K deficiency (LK), and dual deficiency (LNLK)) were analyzed. Deficiencies impaired growth, mineral accumulation, and induced oxidative stress, suppressing ginsenoside biosynthesis. From 1768 detected VOCs, 304 compounds (rOAV ≥ 1) significantly contributed to aroma. LN inhibited terpenoids (e.g., isoborneol) but upregulated sulfur compounds (e.g., di-2-propenyl tetrasulfide), intensifying pungency. LK enhanced sweet/woody notes (e.g., 2'-acetonaphthone) via flavonoid biosynthesis and toluene degradation. LNLK reduced esters (e.g., benzyl acetate) and terpenes, attenuating floral-balsamic nuances by coordinating aromatic degradation, glutathione metabolism, and ABC transporters. N-K nutrition dynamically shapes ginseng aroma by differentially regulating phenylpropanoid, terpenoid, and sulfur pathways, providing a foundation for precision fertilization and quality improvement.

Indexed as

aroma profilingflavor qualityGC–MSginsengnitrogen–potassium interactionrOAVVOCs

Identifiers

PMID40941097

DOI10.3390/foods14172981

PMCPMC12427790

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.