ArticleOral radiology2026
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the parotid and submandibular glands in smokers.
Article in Oral radiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- MRI-based volumetric and histogram analysis of parotid and submandibular salivary glands in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Ultrasonographic fractal dimension analysis for quantitative assessment of smoking-related parenchymal pattern complexity of the parotid gland.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Evaluation of parotid and submandibular salivary glands by ultrasonography in patients using antidepressants: a case control study.BMC oral health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the ultrasonographic features of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands in individuals with long-term cigarette use and to investigate the effects of smoking on these glands.
methodsA total of 120 participants were included in the study: 55 individuals who had been actively smoking for at least 5 years and 65 healthy controls who had never smoked. The echogenicity, parenchymal architecture, glandular margins, and vascular patterns of the parotid and submandibular glands were assessed using ultrasonography. In addition, the volume of each gland was measured, and tissue stiffness (elasticity) was quantitatively evaluated using shear wave elastography. For statistical analysis, the independent samples t-test was used for continuous variables, and the chi-square test was applied for categorical variables.
resultsThere was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of echogenicity. However, parenchymal heterogeneity and margin irregularity were more frequently observed in smokers. Vascular assessments revealed a significant increase in peripheral vascular patterns and poor vascularity, along with a decrease in central-peripheral distribution in the smoking group. Moreover, both parotid and submandibular gland volumes were significantly higher in smokers compared to controls. Elastography analysis showed a notable increase in tissue stiffness, particularly in the left-sided glands.
conclusionsThe findings suggest that long-term cigarette use may lead to structural alterations, increased tissue stiffness, and vascular changes in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. These changes may reflect inflammatory, fibrotic, and microcirculatory disturbances induced by smoking in the glandular parenchyma. Non-invasive imaging modalities such as ultrasonography and shear wave elastography appear to be effective tools for detecting these alterations in a reliable and early manner.
Indexed as
Identifiers
40940531What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.