ArticleBMJ open2025
Development and testing of a scale for nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding insulin injection-induced lipohypertrophy: A Delphi research and cross-sectional survey.
Article in BMJ open, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThis study aimed to develop a scale for nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the prevention and treatment of subcutaneous lipohypertrophy associated with insulin injections and evaluate its reliability and validity.
designA Delphi research and cross-sectional survey.
settingMedical, education and nursing experts from seven different regions conducted Delphi consultation by E-mail or Wechat, whereas clinical nurses from primary, secondary and tertiary general hospitals in different regions of Sichuan Province were conveniently selected for the questionnaire survey.
participantsA total of 16 female experts aged 35-58 years participated in the Delphi expert consultation process; 812 clinical nurses participated in the questionnaire survey. OUTCOME MEASURE: Content validity, internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the scale.
resultsThe scale comprises 3 dimensions and 36 items, with a content validity index of 0.99, a Cronbach's α coefficient of 0.93, a split-half reliability of 0.87 and a test-retest reliability of 0.93. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a cumulative variance contribution rate of 53.38%, whereas confirmatory factor analysis indicated a χ2 degree of freedom 2 ratios of 2.65, a goodness-of-fit index of 0.86, a root mean square error of approximation of 0.06, a root mean square error of 0.04 and a comparative fit index of 0.90.
conclusionThe developed scale demonstrated strong reliability and validity, enabling the assessment of nurses' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the prevention and treatment of lipohypertrophy associated with insulin injections.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.