ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2025
Vitamin D Intake from Foods, Supplements, and Food Sources: Findings from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundHispanic/Latino adults have a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency than other adults.
objectivesThe objective of this was to evaluate the long-term mean daily intake of vitamin D (food and supplements), vitamin D-contributing food sources, and adherence to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin D among Hispanic/Latino adults.
methodsThe Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos is a population-based cohort study of 18-74-y-olds from 4 cities and 6 heritage groups: Central American, Cuban, Dominican, Mexican, Puerto Rican, and South American (visit 1: 2008-2011). We included participants who completed 2 24-h dietary recalls and food propensity questionnaire (n = 13,340). Vitamin D sources included fish, eggs, dairy, plant-based milk alternatives, citrus juice, ready-to-eat cereals, organ meats, yogurt, margarine, cheese, and vitamin D supplements. Total usual nutrient intake of vitamin D from food and dietary supplements, as well as servings of vitamin D-contributing food sources, were estimated.
resultsDietary supplement users (n = 3459) were more likely to have health insurance (56.7% compared with 48.8%, P < 0.001) and an annual household income of >$75,000 (9.3% compared with 4.9%, P < 0.001) than nonusers (n = 9881). Usual vitamin D intake from food alone was similar for dietary supplement users and nonusers (mean daily intake 5.14 μg compared with 5.06 μg). Dietary supplement users had a higher daily mean intake (17.41 μg compared with 5.06 μg) and a lower proportion being below the EAR (32.3% compared with 95.2%) than nonusers. Fish products (0.655 oz/d) and dairy milk (0.699 cup/d) were the most consumed vitamin D food sources.
conclusionsRegardless of dietary supplement use, mean vitamin D intake from usual food consumption alone was insufficient to meet the EAR. Supplementation was associated with a greater likelihood of meeting the EAR. The information on vitamin D supplementation and variation in specific food sources can inform the development of tailored interventions for Hispanic/Latino populations at greater risk of vitamin D deficiency.
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