Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40938404›Full record

ArticleEuropean archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience2026

Persistent olfactory dysfunction as an indicator of cognitive impairment in long COVID-19 syndrome: implications for monitoring and rehabilitation.

Alna Carolina Mendes Paranhos, Apio Ricardo Nazareth Dias, Erick Antonio Rodrigues Mendes, Emily Vitória Almeida Paixão, Samuel Franco Viana Santos Silva, Lidiane Palheta Miranda Dos Santos, Gisele Vieira Hennemann Koury, Mariângela Moreno Domingues, Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma, Givago da Silva Souza and 1 more

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Article in European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Alna Carolina Mendes ParanhosCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0967-7424
Apio Ricardo Nazareth DiasCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil. apio.dias@uepa.br.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9535-5095
Erick Antonio Rodrigues MendesCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3423-9904
Emily Vitória Almeida PaixãoCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.
Samuel Franco Viana Santos SilvaCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9238-7866
Lidiane Palheta Miranda Dos SantosCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5335-3406
Gisele Vieira Hennemann KouryCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3095-6321
Mariângela Moreno DominguesCentro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8787-7101
Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma *Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6267-9966
Givago da Silva Souza *Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Av. Generalissimo Deodoro, 92, Belém, Pará, 66055-240, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4525-3971
Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão *Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Trav. Perebebui, 2623, Belém, PA, 66023-000, Brazil.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8391-2694

Funding

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorFundação Amazônia Paraense de Amparo à Pesquisa Fundação Amazônia Paraense de Amparo à PesquisaSECTET SECTET
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPersistent olfactory dysfunction (OD) and cognitive impairment are among the most frequently reported sequelae of long term infection with SARS-CoV-2 (long COVID-19). However, the association between these conditions remains unclear. This study investigated the correlation between OD and cognitive impairment in patients recovering from COVID-19 to identify the implications for therapeutic and rehabilitation strategies. MATERIALS AND

methodsA cross-sectional study of adult patients diagnosed with long COVID was conducted at a healthcare centre in Brazil. Olfactory function was assessed using the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Centre (CCCRC) test, and cognitive performance was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Statistical analyses included odds ratios (OR) and linear regression to explore the association between OD severity and cognitive scores, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, and comorbidities.

resultsA total of 241 patients (age: 48.60 ± 12.68 years; 73% female) were included. Cognitive impairment (MoCA < 23) was present in 64% of the participants. OD was identified in 92% of the patients and ranged from mild to anosmia. Linear regression analysis showed a weak yet statistically significant correlation between the CCCRC and MoCA scores (R = 0.14, p = 0.02). An OR of 2.87 (95% CI: 1.57-5.25, p = 0.00) indicated higher odds of cognitive impairment in patients with severe OD. DISCUSSION: This study supports the hypothesis that there is a weak yet significant association between OD and cognitive impairment in patients with long COVID. These findings underscore the importance of early screening for olfactory dysfunction as a potential marker of cognitive monitoring and the need for intervention in this population.

Indexed as

AnosmiaCognitive DysfunctionCOVID-19Olfaction DisordersAdultAgedBrazilCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedSeverity of Illness IndexCognitive impairmentCOVID-19Long COVIDOlfactory dysfunction

Identifiers

PMID40938404

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.