Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40938026›Full record

ArticleNanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Characteristics of GaN-Based Micro-Light-Emitting Diodes for Mbps Medium-Long Distance Underwater Visible Light Communication.

Zhou Wang, Yijing Lin, Yuhang Dai, Jiakui Fan, Weihong Sun, Junyuan Chen, Siqi Yang, Shiting Dou, Haoxiang Zhu, Yan Gu and 4 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Zhou WangCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Yijing LinCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Yuhang DaiCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Jiakui FanCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Weihong SunCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Junyuan ChenCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Siqi YangCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Shiting DouCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Haoxiang ZhuCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Yan GuCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Jin WangCollege of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronics (Future Technology), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Hao ZhangSuzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215000, China.
Qiang ChenCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
Xiaoyan LiuCollege of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.ORCID 0000-0003-2408-0108

Funding

National Key R & D Program of China 2023YFB3610500the Foundation of Jiangsu Provincial Double-Innovation Doctor Program JSSCBS20210522the Industry-University Collaborative Project 2022out212, 2024out026 and 2024out254the National Natural Science Foundation of China 62204128, 62404112the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province BK20220399, BK20243037
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

To promote the development of long-distance high-speed underwater optical wireless communication (UWOC) based on visible light, this study proposes a high-bandwidth UWOC system based on micro-light-emitting-diodes (micro-LEDs) adopting the Non-Return-to-Zero On-Off Keying (NRZ-OOK) modulation. The numerical simulations reveal that optimizing the structural parameters of gallium nitride (GaN)-based micro-LED through dimensional scaling and quantum well layer reduction may significantly enhance optoelectronic performance, including modulation bandwidth and luminous efficiency. Moreover, experimental validation demonstrated maximum real-time data rates of 420 Mbps, 290 Mbps, and 250 Mbps at underwater distances of 2.3 m, 6.9 m, and 11.5 m, respectively. Furthermore, the underwater audio communication was successfully implemented at an 11.5 m UWOC distance at an ultra-low level of incoming optical power (12.5 µW) at the photodetector (PD) site. The channel characterization yielded a micro-LED-specific attenuation coefficient of 0.56 dB/m, while parametric analysis revealed wavelength-dependent degradation patterns, exhibiting positive correlations between both attenuation coefficient and bit error rate (BER) with operational wavelength. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing underwater optical systems to enhance real-time environmental monitoring capabilities and strengthen security protocols for subaquatic military communications in the future.

Indexed as

gallium nitridelong-distancemicro-LEDunderwater optical wireless communication

Identifiers

PMID40938026
PMCPMC12430584

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.