Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40936036›Full record

ArticleEuropean journal of nutrition2025

Bone and mineral metabolism in 2-7-year-old Finnish children and their caregivers following vegan, vegetarian, and omnivorous diets.

Suvi T Itkonen, Topi Hovinen, Elina Kettunen, Riitta Freese, Venla Tilli, Kevin D Cashman, Maijaliisa Erkkola, Anu Suomalainen, Liisa Korkalo

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In one paragraph

Article in European journal of nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Trial
  2. Review
  3. Article
  4. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Suvi T ItkonenDepartment of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00790, Helsinki, Finland. suvi.itkonen@helsinki.fi.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1635-8229
Topi HovinenStem Cells and Metabolism Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-6572
Elina KettunenDepartment of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4328-9495
Riitta FreeseDepartment of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6833-2736
Venla TilliDepartment of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0001-9896-8487
Kevin D CashmanSchool of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8185-1039
Maijaliisa ErkkolaDepartment of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6966-1523
Anu SuomalainenStem Cells and Metabolism Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4833-5195
Liisa KorkaloDepartment of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00790, Helsinki, Finland.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0525-9877

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeLimited evidence exists on the effects of plant-based diets (PBDs) on bone metabolism, especially in children. We studied bone and mineral metabolism and intakes of bone-related nutrients in 2-7-year-old children and their caregivers who followed vegan, vegetarian (collectively referred to as PBD), and omnivorous diets.

methodsBlood samples were collected from 29, 18, and 24 children following vegan, vegetarian, or omnivorous diets (mean age 4.5 ± 1.5 years, 51% girls) and from 29, 23, and 24 adult caregivers, respectively (mean age 38.2 ± 4.4 years, 57% women). Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (S-TRAP5b), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (S-BAP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D), and plasma parathyroid hormone (P-PTH) were analysed using linear trends by contrast analysis [adjusted for age, sex, and (standardized) body mass index]. Nutrient intakes were calculated from 3-day food records.

resultsLinear trends towards higher concentrations of P-PTH among children and bone resorption marker S-TRAP5b and bone formation marker S-BAP among adults in PBDs were observed (P < 0.05). Mean vitamin D intakes (diet + supplements) were adequate (> 10 µg/d), mean 25(OH)D concentrations were > 70 nmol/l, vitamin D supplement use was common (74-100%), and mean calcium intakes were approximately adequate in all age and diet groups. Protein intake was lower in PBDs (12-14 E%) than in omnivores (16-17 E%) (P < 0.05).

conclusionLinear trends towards increased bone catabolism among children and accelerated bone turnover among adults following PBDs were observed despite adequate vitamin D status and approximately adequate calcium intake. The role of lower protein intake and calcium bioavailability in PBDs and bone health requires further investigation.

Indexed as

Bone and BonesDietDiet, VeganDiet, VegetarianAdultAlkaline PhosphataseBiomarkersCalcium, DietaryCaregiversChildChild, PreschoolFemaleFinlandHumansMaleParathyroid Hormone25-hydroxyvitamin DAlkaline PhosphataseBiomarkersCalcium, DietaryParathyroid HormoneTartrate-Resistant Acid PhosphataseVitamin DBone turnoverCalciumParathyroid hormonePlant-based dietProteinVitamin D

Identifiers

PMID40936036
PMCPMC12426156

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.