Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40935582›Full record

ArticleThe European respiratory journal2026

Trimodulin supports antibacterial defence and restricts inflammation in preclinical pneumonia models.

Geraldine Nouailles, Romina Bischoff, Kerstin Linke, Alexander Taylor, Birgitt Gutbier, Peter Pennitz, Cengiz Goekeri, Sandra Kunder, Anne Voß, Theresa C Brömel and 13 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The European respiratory journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

23 authors.

Geraldine NouaillesCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany geraldine.nouailles@charite.de.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-3119
Romina BischoffCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.
Kerstin LinkeCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.
Alexander TaylorCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.
Birgitt GutbierCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.
Peter PennitzCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8132-7237
Cengiz GoekeriCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1616-4005
Sandra KunderFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany.
Anne VoßFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany.
Theresa C BrömelFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-4951
Olivia KershawFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany.
Miha MilekCore Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany.
Vadim FarztdinovCore Facility High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Michael MüllederCore Facility High Throughput Mass Spectrometry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Sabrina WeissmüllerDepartment of Translational Research, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany.
Corina C HeinzDepartment of Translational Research, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany.
Mayken VisserDepartment of Translational Research, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany.
Fabian BohlaenderDepartment of Translational Research, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany.
Katharina AhrensCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.
Dieter BeuleCore Unit Bioinformatics, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Berlin, Germany.
Achim D GruberFreie Universität Berlin, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Berlin, Germany.
Martin KoenigDepartment of Translational Research, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany.
Martin WitzenrathCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Berlin, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSevere community-acquired pneumonia remains a global health challenge with high mortality despite advances in antibiotic therapy and supportive care. Immunoglobulin therapies, especially IgM-containing ones, have shown promise in enhancing host defence and reducing inflammation. The CIGMA trial highlighted the potential of trimodulin to lower mortality in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia with high C-reactive protein and low IgM levels.

methodsWe investigated the protective effects of trimodulin on clinical status, bacterial burden, lung integrity and inflammatory responses in murine models of lung injury, including both ventilator-induced lung injury and infection-induced models with nonsterile inflammation.

resultsIn mice, trimodulin significantly protected against lethal pneumococcal pneumonia by reducing bacterial burden and disease severity while preserving alveolar barrier integrity and limiting lung oedema. The antibacterial action of trimodulin was mediated through opsonophagocytosis, and its anti-inflammatory effects operated independently of the latter. When combined with ampicillin, trimodulin exhibited enhanced suppression of inflammation.

conclusionOur findings in preclinical pneumonia models suggest that trimodulin could be a promising therapy for severe community-acquired pneumonia. We provide evidence that trimodulin enhances host defence, reduces detrimental pulmonary inflammation and barrier dysfunction, and limits pulmonary oedema, which may explain the beneficial effects observed in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsPneumonia, PneumococcalAnimalsCommunity-Acquired InfectionsDisease Models, AnimalDrug CombinationsFemaleImmunoglobulin AImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulin MInflammationLungMaleMiceMice, Inbred C57BLAnti-Bacterial AgentsDrug CombinationsImmunoglobulin AImmunoglobulin GImmunoglobulin Mtrimodulin

Identifiers

PMID40935582
PMCPMC12873464

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.