Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40934473›Full record

ArticleACS nano2025

TuNa-AI: A Hybrid Kernel Machine To Design Tunable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery.

Zilu Zhang, Yan Xiang, Joe Laforet, Ivan Spasojevic, Ping Fan, Ava Heffernan, Christine E Eyler, Kris C Wood, Zachary C Hartman, Daniel Reker

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in ACS nano, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
12citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

12 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Supramolecular Degraders: An Emerging Paradigm in Targeted Protein Degradation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026
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  6. Iron-Based Nanoparticles as Delivery Tools.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026
    Review
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  11. Expanding the CRISPR/Cas toolkit: applications in proteomics and theranostics.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025
    Review
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Zilu ZhangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.
Yan XiangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-4796-2912
Joe LaforetDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.
Ivan SpasojevicDepartment of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.
Ping FanPharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) Core Laboratory, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.
Ava HeffernanDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.
Christine E EylerDepartment of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.
Kris C WoodDepartment of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States.
Zachary C HartmanDepartment of Surgery, Pathology and Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.
Daniel RekerDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.ORCID 0000-0003-4789-7380

Funding

Designing Personalized Formulations with Machine LearningR35GM151255 · NIGMS · DUKE UNIVERSITY · PI Daniel Reker · 2023 to 2026
$1.4M
NIGMS NIH HHS R35 GM151255
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to transform nanoparticle development for drug delivery; however, existing strategies typically optimize either material selection or component ratios in isolation. To enable simultaneous optimization of both, we integrated an automated liquid handling platform with machine learning to systematically explore the nanoparticle formulation space. A data set comprising 1275 distinct formulations (spanning drug molecules, excipients, and synthesis molar ratios) was generated, resulting in a 42.9% increase in successful nanoparticle formation through composition optimization. We developed a bespoke hybrid kernel machine that couples molecular feature learning with relative compositional inference, enhancing the modeling of formulation outcomes across chemical spaces. This hybrid kernel significantly improved prediction performance across three kernel-based algorithms, with a support vector machine (SVM) achieving superior performance when using our kernel compared to standard kernels and outperforming all other machine learning architectures, including transformer-based deep neural networks. Using SVM-guided predictions, we successfully formulated the difficult-to-encapsulate venetoclax with optimized taurocholic acid ratios, yielding enhanced

Indexed as

Antineoplastic AgentsArtificial IntelligenceDrug Delivery SystemsNanoparticlesAnimalsCell Line, TumorHumansMachine LearningMiceSupport Vector MachineAntineoplastic Agentsdrug deliverylab automationmachine learningnanoparticletunable composition

Identifiers

PMID40934473
PMCPMC12893383

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.