Policymakers' engagement with ethicists to improve public health in the United States.

Objective: To determine how policymakers interact with bioethicists, their interest in future engagement, and their motivation and hesitations to do so. Methods: Three nationwide surveys of United States policymakers ( Results: Only 12.1 % of elected policymakers (95 % CI: 9.0 %,16.3 %), 6.6 % of managers (95 % CI: 4.2 %,10.1 %), and 14.2 % of civil servants (95 % CI: 11.0 %,18.3 %) reported recent interaction with a bioethicist. Yet 40.1 % of elected policymakers (95 % CI: 34.8 %,45.6 %), 40.0 % of managers (95 % CI: 34.1 %,46.2 %), and 47.9 % of civil servants (95 % CI: 42.5 %,53.3 %) expressed an unmet desire for more direct engagement. Partisan differences were present, with Democrats in each sample expressing more unmet desire. Key hesitations to interacting with bioethicists were a perception they would push a political agenda and not share practical information. Conclusions: Many policymakers wish to seek counsel from those within the bioethics community as they work to promote and protect the health of their community, despite low levels of reported engagement. Amidst widespread calls for more ethically-informed public health policymaking, there is a key opportunity for bioethicists to influence and shape public policy at sub-national levels.