Artificial intelligence in medical imaging empowers precision neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy (nICT) has demonstrated significant potential in improving pathological response rates and survival outcomes for patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, substantial interindividual variability in therapeutic outcomes highlights the urgent need for more precise predictive tools to guide clinical decision-making. Traditional biomarkers remain limited in both predictive performance and clinical feasibility. In recent years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical imaging has expanded rapidly. By incorporating voxel-level feature maps, the combination of radiomics and deep learning enables the extraction of rich textural, morphological, and microstructural features, while autonomously learning high-level abstract representations from clinical CT images, thereby revealing biological heterogeneity that is often imperceptible to conventional assessments. Leveraging these high-dimensional representations, AI models can provide more accurate predictions of nICT response. Future advancements in foundation models, multimodal integration, and dynamic temporal modeling are expected to further enhance the generalizability and clinical applicability of AI. AI-powered medical imaging is poised to support all stages of perioperative management in ESCC, playing a pivotal role in high-risk patient identification, dynamic monitoring of therapeutic response, and individualized treatment adjustment, thereby comprehensively advancing precision nICT.