ArticleScience advances2025
Magnetic field-enhanced vertical integration enables embodied intelligence in untethered soft robots.
Article in Science advances, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Materials-Structure-Hardware-Algorithm Co-Driven Hierarchical Optimization for Flexible Sensors.Nano-micro letters · 2026Review
- Mechano-electrochemically stable fibrous zinc-ion batteries with unified aramid nanofibres skeleton.Nature communications · 2026Article
- A Multimodal Magnetically Driven Soft Robot With Integrated Actuation-Sensing Based on Photothermal Reprogramming Technology.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Natural-Inspired Ultra-Flexible Lithium-Ion Batteries With Fractal Fern Architecture for Extreme Bending and Long-Lived Stability.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Article
- Deep learning-enabled versatile shape perception for soft robots via single-ended multimode fiber.Science advances · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
24 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Embodied intelligence in soft robotics offers unprecedented capabilities for operating in uncertain, confined, and fragile environments that challenge conventional technologies. However, achieving true embodied intelligence-which requires continuous environmental sensing, real-time control, and autonomous decision-making-faces challenges in energy management and system integration. We developed deformation-resilient flexible batteries with enhanced performance under magnetic fields inherently present in magnetically actuated soft robots, with capacity retention after 200 cycles improved from 31.3 to 57.3%. These compliant batteries enable large-area deployment of 44.9% across the robot body, and their vertical integration with rationally designed flexible hybrid circuits minimizes additional stiffness while maintaining deformability. This actuator-battery-sensor vertical integration methodology maximizes functional area utilization in a manta ray-inspired soft robot, establishing an untethered platform with sensing, communication, and stable power supply. The system demonstrates embodied intelligence in aquatic environments through diverse capabilities including perturbation correction, obstacle avoidance, and temperature monitoring, with proprioceptive and environmental sensing enabling real-time decision-making during magnetically actuated locomotion.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.